• Geographical Extent: The Chera Dynasty is believed to have ruled over the western part of the Indian peninsula, covering present-day Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu. The Chera heartland was known for its rich trade connections.

• Sangam Period: The Cheras, along with the Cholas and Pandyas, are often associated with the Sangam period (circa 300 BCE to 300 CE), which produced a vast body of Tamil literature known as Sangam literature.

• Trade and Commerce: The Chera rulers were actively involved in maritime trade, and their kingdom was strategically located along the spice route. The ports of Muziris (modern-day Kodungallur) and Tyndis were crucial trade centers, connecting the region to the Roman Empire and other distant lands.

• Sangam Literature: The Chera Dynasty is celebrated in Sangam literature, where the rulers are praised for their patronage of the arts and their contributions to literature. The poetry of the Sangam period often glorifies the Chera kings and their achievements.

• Nannan and Irumporai: The early Chera rulers Nannan and Irumporai are mentioned in Sangam literature. They are praised for their military valor, administration, and support for the arts.

• Ays and Mushikas: The Chera kingdom faced competition and conflicts with neighboring dynasties, such as the Ays and the Mushikas. These rivalries were often reflected in Sangam literature.

• Decline and Kalabhra Interregnum: The Chera Dynasty faced a period of decline, and the Kalabhras, a group of invaders, disrupted the traditional ruling structures in South India. This period is often referred to as the Kalabhra interregnum.

• Revival under Kulasekhara: The Chera Dynasty experienced a revival under the Kulasekhara dynasty, which emerged in the 8th century. The Kulasekharas ruled from Mahodayapuram (modern-day Kodungallur) and later shifted their capital to Quilon (modern-day Kollam).

• Later Periods: The Chera Dynasty continued to be a significant political entity during the medieval period. Various rulers and dynasties, such as the Zamorins of Calicut, emerged as successors and continued the Chera legacy.

• Colonial Period: With the arrival of European powers, particularly the Portuguese, Dutch, and later the British, the political landscape of the Chera region underwent significant changes. The territories became part of the princely states under British suzerainty.

• Modern Kerala: The historical legacy of the Chera Dynasty is still celebrated in Kerala. The state’s name, “Kerala,” is believed to be derived from “Chera,” and the region’s cultural heritage has deep roots in its ancient history.

The Chera Dynasty’s prominence in trade, literature, and governance during the Sangam period, as well as its resilience and revival in later periods, contribute to its lasting significance in the history of South India.